Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or adverb (or both) that means something different from each of the words that make up the verb. There are two types of phrasal verbs. Separable phrasal verbs can be broken up by other words, while inseparable phrasal verbs cannot be separated by other words.

Separable Phrasal Verbs

You can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal verb. Consider the following example, using the phrasal verb take back:

I need to take back the shirt I lent you.

Where’s that shirt I lent you? I need to take it back .

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Inseparable phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e., they can take a direct object), but you can’t insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb. In other words, they can’t be separated, thus their name. Consider the following examples:

If you focus your education solely on one area, you’ll have nothing to fall back on if you change your mind.

Each child should have at least one older child to look up to .

What does i.e. stand for ? It stands for id est, or that is.

Phrasal Verb Separable or Inseparable Meaning Ask out Separable To ask someone to go out on a date. Bring about, bring on Separable To make something happen Bring up Separable 1) To raise children 2) To raise a topic Call back Separable Return someone's telephone call Call in Separable Ask someone into an official place or office Call off Separable Cancel Call on Inseparable 1) Ask someone to do something 2) Visit Call up Separable Call someone on the telephone Catch up Inseparable To become equal or reach the same level Check in, check into Inseparable Register at a hotel or travel counter Check out Inseparable Leave a hotel Check out of Inseparable Leave a hotel Cheer up Separable Make someone happy Clean up Separable Tidy, make clean Come across Inseparable To find Cross out Separable Eliminate Cut out Separable Remove something or stop doing something annoying Do over Separable Repeat Drop by Inseparable Visit unexpectedly Drop in Inseparable Visit unexpectedly Drop off Separable Leave something somewhere Drop out Inseparable Stop attending a class Figure out Separable Understand Fill out Separable Complete a form Fill in Separable Complete spaces on a form Get along with Inseparable Have a good relationship with Get back from 1) Inseparable 2) Separable 1) Return from somewhere 2) Receive something originally lent to another person Get in Inseparable Enter Get off Inseparable Leave a bus, train, airplane Get on Inseparable Enter a bus, train, airplane Get out of Inseparable Leave a car Get over Inseparable Recover Get through Inseparable Survive Get up Inseparable Stand up Give back Separable Return Give up Separable Stop trying Go over Inseparable Review Grow up Inseparable Become an adult Hand in Separable Give an assignment or project to a teacher Hang up Separable Replace the telephone in the receiver Have on Separable Wear Keep out Separable Not enter Keep up with Inseparable Stay at the same level Kick out Separable Ask to leave Look after Inseparable Take care of Look into Inseparable Investigate Look out for Inseparable Watch for Look over Separable Review Look up Separable Try to find information Make up Separable Invent Pass away Inseparable Die Pass out 1) Inseparable 2) Separable 1) Faint 2) Distribute Pick up Separable Lift Pick out Separable Choose Point out Separable Identify Put away Separable Put in the proper place Put back Separable Return Put off Separable Delay Put on Separable Get dressed or dress someone Put out Separable Extinguish Put up with Inseparable Tolerate Run into Inseparable Find or meet Run across Inseparable Find or meet Run out of Inseparable Come to the end of something Show up Inseparable Appear Show off Separable Demonstrate something of envy Shut off Separable Stop something from running Take after Inseparable Be like someone Take off Separable Remove Take out Separable 1) Remove 2) Go on a date with someone Take over Separable Take control Take up Inseparable Begin Tear down Separable Demolish or destroy Tear up Separable Rip into pieces Think over Separable Consider, ponder Throw away Separable Discard Throw out Separable Discard Throw up Inseparable Vomit Try on Separable Test Turn down Separable Reduce Turn in Separable Go to bed Turn off Separable Stop a machine Turn on Separable Start a machine Turn out Separable Put out a light Turn up Separable Increase

SO - SUCH / TOO - ENOUGH

SO - SUCH / TOO - ENOUGH

SO (tan, así, entonces) y SUCH (semejante, tal, tan, tanto), suelen confundir. VOY a intentar explicar sus diferencias y cómo se  utilizan. 

ejemplos:

•  I didn't like the film. The plot was so boring!!   (No disfruté de la película. ¡¡La trama era tan aburrida!!)•  I didn't enjoy the film. It was such a boring plot!!   (No disfruté de la película. ¡¡Era una historia tan aburrida!!)

1. CON ADJETIVO SIN SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SO":       Ejemplos: so stupid (tan tonta). 2. CON ADJETIVO Y SUSTANTIVO SE USA "SUCH":       Ejemplos: such a stupid story (una historia tan tonta).

También puedes usar SO con un adverbio sin sustantivo. Por ejemplo:

                      Peter drives so quickly that … (Pedro conduce tan rápido que …)

Tanto SO como SUCH refuerzan el significado de un adjetivo. Observa:

•  It's a beautiful day, isn't it? It's so warm. (= really warm)
   (Es un día hermoso, ¿no? Está tan cálido. (= realmente cálido)•  We enjoyed our vacation. We hadsuch a good time. (= a really good time)    (Disfrutamos nuestra vacación. La pasamos tan bien. (= realmente muy bien)Ahora, compara SO y SUCH en estas dos oraciones (y recuerda la regla gramatical de la PARTE I):
•  I like Miguel and Victoria. They are so nice.
   (Me gustan Miguel y Victoria. Son tan agradables)•  I like Miguel and Victoria. They are such nice people. (not   so nice people )   (Me gustan Miguel y Victoria. Son personas tan agradables)Con frecuencia decimos SO ... THAT (tan ... que) y SUCH ... THAT (tal ... que):
•  I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o'clock.
   (Estaba tan cansado/a que fui a dormir a las 7 de la tarde)•  Manuel worked so hard that he made himself sick.   (Manuel trabajó tanto que terminó enfermándose)
•  It was such beautiful weather that we spent the whole day in the park.
   (El tiempo estaba tan bueno que pasamos todo el día en el parque)•  The book was so good that I couldn't put it down.   (El libro era tan bueno que no pude dejar de leerlo)
    It was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.   (Era un libro tan bueno que no pude dejar de leerlo)   (Es un día hermoso, ¿no? Está tan cálido. (= realmente cálido)•  We enjoyed our vacation. We hadsuch a good time. (= a really good time)    (Disfrutamos nuestra vacación. La pasamos tan bien. (= realmente muy bien)Ahora, compara SO y SUCH en estas dos oraciones (y recuerda la regla gramatical de la PARTE I):
•  I like Miguel and Victoria. They are so nice.   (Me gustan Miguel y Victoria. Son tan agradables)•  I like Miguel and Victoria. They are such nice people. (not   so nice people )   (Me gustan Miguel y Victoria. Son personas tan agradables)Con frecuencia decimos SO ... THAT (tan ... que) y SUCH ... THAT (tal ... que):
••  I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o'clock.   (Estaba tan cansado/a que fui a dormir a las 7 de la tarde)•  Manuel worked so hard that he made himself sick.   (Manuel trabajó tanto que terminó enfermándose)•  It was such beautiful weather that we spent the whole day in the park.   (El tiempo estaba tan bueno que pasamos todo el día en el parque)•  The book was so good that I couldn't put it down.   (El libro era tan bueno que no pude dejar de leerlo)    It was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.   (Era un libro tan bueno que no pude dejar de leerlo)

A los efectos de otorgar un tono más coloquial o conversacional, puedes omitir el pronombre relativo that (que) en todas las oraciones anteriores. Algunos ejemplos:

•  I was so tired  that  I went to bed at seven o'clock.
   (Estaba tan cansado/a que fui a dormir a las 7 de la tarde)
•  Manuel worked so hard  that  he made himself sick.   (Manuel trabajó tanto que terminó enfermándose)
•  The book was so good  that  I couldn't put it down.   (El libro era tan bueno que no pude dejar de leerlo)

Too equivale al español "demasiado".

Se utiliza siempre delante de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

                This exercise is too easy (Este ejercicio es demasiado fácil)

                I arrived too late (Llegué demasiado tarde)

Luego del adjetivo, puede agregarse "to" más un verbo.

                He's too young to drive (Es demasiado joven para conducir)

                He's too weak to lift it (Es demasiado débil para levantarlo)

Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "demasiado/a/os/as" y va siempre seguido de many o much, dependiendo del tipo de sustantivo contable o incontable.

                There are too many people (Hay demasiada gente)

                There is too much shadow (Hay demasiada sombra)

Enough equivale al español "lo sufucientemente".

Se utiliza siempre después de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

                 I arrived early enough (Llegué lo suficientemente temprano)

También puede ser seguido de "to" más un verbo.

               He isn't old enough to drive (No es lo suficientemente mayor para conducir)

               He isn't strong enough to lift it (No es lo suficientemente fuerte como para levantarlo)

Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "suficiente/s" y va siempre antes.

 

               There aren't enough chairs (No hay sillas suficientes)

               There isn't enough light (No hay suficiente luz)

SO + ADJECTIVE

                He is so handsome

SUCH A/AN + (ADJECTIVE) + NOUN (SINGULAR COUNTABLE)

                He is such a handsome boy

                He is such an attractive boy

SUCH + (ADJECTIVE) + NOUN (PLURAL COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE)

                They are such handsome boys

                It was such delicious food

was/were going to and was/were supposed to

was/were going to and was/were supposed to

Usaremos was/were going to para hablar sobre planes que hicimos en el pasado y no sucedieron o no sucederán en el futuro.

• We are going to visit the Homers later that year, but we didn't go for some reason.
• (Nosotros planeábamos visitar a los Homer pero no lo hicimos)
• We were going to spend the weekend in Paris, but there was no free rooms.
• (íbamos a pasar el fin de semana en París, pero no vamos a ir allí).

Usaremos was/were supposed to para hablar sobre cosas que nos pusimos de acuerdo para hacer, o que la gente espera que hagamos, pero que no hicimos.

• Ana was supposed to book the cottage months ago, but she forgot.
• (Acordamos que Ana reservaría la casa de campo, pero no lo hizo)
• I was supposed to call you back, wasn't I? Sorry, Sam, I was out all day.
• (Sam esperaba que su novia le devolviese la llamada, pero no lo hizo

Después de was/were going to y was/were supposed to, siempre usamos infinitivos. Usamos estas frases para disculparnos y solemos incluir en ella las razones por lo que no lo hicimos.

Example: A: Did you take out the trash?
                B: I was going to, but then the phone rang. (ring)
1. A: Is Dave coming to our party?
    B: He ______________________, but he _______________________ a babysitter for his kids. (can't find)
2. A: Are you making dinner tonight?
    B: I ________________________ until the power ________________ out. (go)
3. A: Is your daughter going to college?
    B: She ______________________, but she ___________________ to take a year off and travel first. (decide)
4. A: Is the teacher going to stay after class?
    B: He _______________________, but he ___________________ out he had a meeting to go to later. (find)
5. A: Are your neighbors going to sell their house?
    B: They ______________________ until the real estate market ___________________. (crash)

SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

SHOULD HAVE/ SHOULDN’T HAVE + pp (WHAT I DID WASN’T A GOOD IDEA) She should have left me alone. I was red in anger. We shouldn’t have put off the appointment. Now he feels really unwell.

should have (+ past participle)

shouldn‟t have (+past participle)

In English, we often want to express ourregrets about something we did (or didn‟tdo) in the past. We use past formadvice to lament our mistakes.





Example:

Joe was late to work this morning. . .again!

-He should have woken up earlier.
-He shouldn‟t have stayed out solate last night with his friends.
-He shouldn‟t have forgotten toset his alarm clock.
-He ought to have gone to bedearlier.



The movie thatwe rented wasboring.

-We shouldn‟t haverented it.
-We should‟ve chosenanother film.
-We ought to havegone to the moviesinstead.

We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.

• I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot.
• He should have sent everybody a reminder by email.
• They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.

We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.

• She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later.
• He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him.
• They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.

We can use ' should not have'  to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.

• She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office.
• He shouldn't have boarded his plane yet. We can probably still get hold of him.
• They shouldn't have sent the report off for printing yet. There is still time to make changes.

We can also use 'should not have'  to regret past actions.

• I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologise.
• We shouldn't have left the office so late. We should have anticipated this bad traffic.
• They shouldn't have sacked him. He was the most creative person on their team.

Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

Como ya explicamos en el post Relative Clauses: defining relative clauses, las relatives clauses u oraciones de relativo son frases que se unen a una oración principal y sirven para dar información sobre una persona, objeto o lugar que se ha mencionado previamente en la oración principal.

Son, por tanto, oraciones subordinadas que se unen a la frase principal mediante los relative adverbs or pronouns (pronombres o adverbios relativos), palabras que actúan como nexo entre ambas. 

Las relative clauses u oraciones de relativo equivalen a oraciones subordinadas adjetivas y, por tanto, hemos de diferenciar entre:

1. Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas (defining relative clauses)
2. Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas (non-defining relative clauses) 

Cada una tiene unas características y el uso de los pronombres o adverbios relativos cambiará en función del tipo de oración. En este post explicaremos las oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas o non-defining relative clauses. 

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (explicativas) 

Las non-defining relative clauses se caracterizan por dar información extra sobre la persona, cosa o lugar al que nos referimos en la oración principal. La información que añaden las non-defining clauses no es necesaria para comprender a qué nos referimos y, como actúan a modo de explicación, VAN ENTRE COMAS.

My neighbour, who is French, is very rich (mi vecino, que es Francés, es rico)

Si quitamos la non-definig relative clause (,who is French,) podríamos entender la frase perfectamente (my neighbour is rich). Esto explica que la non-defining clause añade información extra que no es necesaria para comprender de qué hablamos. 

Compara: 

The man who I told you about is very friendly (el hombre del que te hablé es muy simpático) → Esta frase contiene un relative clause que no se puede omitir porque es importante para la comprensión de toda la frase. Estamos ante una defining relative clause. 

My teacher, who has been working at the same school for 5 years, is getting married on Saturday(mi profesor, que lleva 5 años trabajando en la misma escuela, se casa el sábado) → En esta frase la información who has been working at the same school for 5 years  no es fundamental para entender la frase. Estamos ante una non-defining relative clause, separada de la oración principal por comas.  

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
Los pronombres relativo que se van a utilizar en las non-defining clauses son:

WHO → para hacer referencia a personas 
My sister, who works in a bank, is moving house next week (mi hermana, que trabaja en un banco, se muda la semana que viene) 

WHICH → para hacer referencia a cosas

The building, which is very old, costs a lot of money (el edificio, que es muy antiguo, cuesta mucho dinero) 

THAT → nunca usamos that en las non-defining

The building, that is very old, costs a lot of money 

WHO y WHICH: SUJETO U OBJETO DE UNA NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
Al igual que pasaba en las defining relative clauses, Who y Which pueden actuar de sujeto u objeto en las non-defining relative clauses.

1. Función de sujeto
Alison's sister, who is 19, has just passed her driving test (la hermana de Alison, que tiene 19 años, acaba de aprobar el examen de conducir) 

The building, which is very old, costs a lot of money (el edificio, que es muy antiguo, cuesta mucho dinero) 

El relativo tendrá función de sujeto si el antecedente al que hace referencia  (Alison's sister o the building)  actúa de sujeto en la oración subordinada:

Alison's sister	is 19
Sujeto	predicado

The building	is very old
Sujeto	predicado

Truco: Cuando el pronombre relativo actúa de sujeto le sigue siempre un verbo.
Alison's sister, who is 19, has just passed her driving test. 

2. Función de objeto
She gave me the money, which I put in my purse (ella me dió el dinero, el cual me guardé en la cartera)

Sarah Robbins, who you met last week, will be at the party (Sara Robbins, a quien conociste la semana pasada, estará en la fiesta)

El relativo tendrá función de objeto si el antecedente al que hace referencia (the money, Sarah Robbins) actúa de objeto en la oración subordinada:

I	put	the money	in my purse
Sujeto	verbo	objeto

You	met	Sarah Robbins	last week
Sujeto	verbo	objeto

Truco: Cuando el pronombre relativo actúa de objeto le sigue siempre un sujeto (pronombre sujeto o sintagma nominal)
She gave me the money, which I put in my purse. 

                        

¡Importante!
→ En las non-defining relative clauses, también se puede utilizar el relativo Whom en lugar de who para hacer referencia a personas, cuando éste tiene la función de objeto. Se utiliza en registros formales. 

Sarah Robbins, whom you met last week, will be at the party (Sara Robbins, a quien conociste la semana pasada, estará en la fiesta)

→ ¡En las non-defining NUNCA se omite el pronombre relativo!

My uncle John, who lives in Manchester, is coming to visit me next week ✔
(mi tio John, que vive en Manchester, me va a visitar la semana que viene) 
My uncle John, lives in Manchester, is coming to visit me next week X

Sarah Robbins, who you met last week, will be at the party ✔
Sarah Robbins, who you met last week, will be at the party X

EJERCICIO
Decide si las frases a continuación contienen defining o non-defining clauses:
Si crees que contiene una defining clause: escribe defining en la caja.
Si crees que contiene una non-defining clause: reescribe la frase en la caja añadiéndole las comas.