lunes, 9 de abril de 2018

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES



DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Las relatives clauses u oraciones de relativo son frases que se unen a una oración principal y sirven para dar información sobre una persona, objeto o lugar que se ha mencionado previamente en la oración principal.

Son, por tanto, oraciones subordinadas que se unen a la frase principal mediante los relative adverbs or pronouns (pronombres o adverbios relativos), palabras que actúan como nexo entre ambas. Estos son: who, which, that, where, whom, whose, where, when, why. Los pronombres o adverbios relativos hacen referencia a la persona, objeto o lugar de la oración principal (lo que se conoce como antecedente) y lo sustituye. 


En el ejemplo, la oración principal es The book is expensive (el libro es caro) y la oración subordinada con la que damos más información sobre el libro es The book is on the table (el libro está encima de la mesa). Para unirlas utilizaremos el pronombre relativo that, que hace referencia al antecedente de la oración principal (the book). Resultado: The book that is on the table is expensive (el libro que está encima de la mesa es caro)


Las relative clauses u oraciones de relativo equivalen a oraciones subordinadas adjetivas y, por tanto, hemos de diferenciar entre:

1. Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas (defining relative clauses)
2. Oraciones subordinadas adjetivas explicativas (non-defining relative clauses)

Cada una tiene unas características y el uso de los pronombres o adverbios relativos cambiará en función del tipo de oración. En este post explicaremos las oraciones subordinadas adjetivas especificativas defining relative clauses. 


DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (especificativas)

Las defining relative clauses se caracterizan por especificar a qué tipo de persona, cosa o lugar nos estamos refiriendo. Dan información necesaria para comprender a qué nos referimos. NO LLEVAN COMAS. 

The book that is on the table is expensive (el libro que está encima de la mesa es caro)  

Si quitamos la oración de relativo that is on the table, no sabríamos exactamente de qué libro se está hablando. 
The book is expensive (el libro es caro) → ¿qué libro es caro?

Por tanto, la oración de relativo that is on the table es una defining relative clause ya que da información necesaria para comprender a qué libro nos estamos refiriendo. 

The book that is on the table is expensive → ¿qué libro es caro? → El que está encima de la mesa


PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
En las defining relative clauses se usan generalmente los pronombres relativos whowhich that, que en español equivaldrían a "que", "quien", "el cual", "la cual", "los cuales"...

WHO (= que, quien, el / la cual, los / las cuales)
Se usa sólo cuando el antecedente es una persona. 
That is the girl (esa es la chica) → ¿qué chica? 
That is the girl who I met last week (esa es la chica que conocí la semana pasada)

The woman is Spanish (la mujer es española) → ¿qué mujer? 
The woman who lives in this house is Spanish (la mujer que vive en esta casa es española)

WHICH (=que, el / la cual, los / las cuales, lo que, lo cual)
Se usa cuando el antecedente es una cosa.
The book is expensive (el libro es caro) → ¿qué libro?
The book which is on the table is expensive (el libro que está encima de la mesa es caro)

The film is boring (la película es aburrida) → ¿qué película?
The film which I saw at the cinema last night is boring  (la película que ví anoche en el cine es aburrida)

THAT (=que, el que, la que, los que, las que)
Es el más usado ya que se puede utilizar cuando el antecedente hace referencia a personas o cosas. 
Personas → That is the girl that I met last week 
Cosas → The film that I saw at the cinema last night is boring


WHO, WHICH y THAT: SUJETO U OBJETO DE UNA DEFINING CLAUSE 
Como cualquier pronombre, los relativos whowhich that realizan una función dentro de la oración de relativo.

1. Función de sujeto
I spoke to the woman who / that lives next door (hablé con la mujer que vive a mi  lado) 

El relativo tendrá función de sujeto si el antecedente al que hace referencia (the woman) actúa de sujeto en la oración subordinada (the woman lives next door)
                                                           Sujeto            Predicado

Truco: Cuando el pronombre relativo actúa de sujeto le sigue siempre un verbo.
I spoke to the woman who / that   lives  next door
                                      relativo        verbo


2. Función de objeto 
He is the man who we met last night (él es el hombre que nosotros conocimos anoche) 

El relativo tendrá función de objeto si el antecedente al que hace referencia (the man) actúa de objeto en la oración subordinada (We met the man last night)
                                                     Objeto             

Truco: Cuando el pronombre relativo actúa de objeto le sigue siempre un sujeto (pronombre sujeto o sintagma nominal)

He is the man    who      we    met last night
                         relativo         sujeto


¡Importante!
→ Los pronombres relativos who, which, that se pueden omitir cuando actúan de objeto. 

(relativo con función de objeto)
He is the man who we met last night  = He is the man we met last night 
This is the house that I used to live in = This is the house I used to live in 

(relativo con función de sujeto) → no se puede omitir
I spoke to the woman who lives next door  I spoke to the woman lives next door X
The man that lives in this house is German The man lives in this house is German X

→ En las defining clauses, se puede utilizar el relativo Whom  en lugar de who para hacer referencia a personas, cuando éste tiene la función de objeto. Se utiliza en registros formales.

That is the woman who he married = that is the woman whom he married (esa es la mujer con la que él se casó)


→ A la hora de unir dos frases para hacer una frase de relativo, recuerda omitir el pronombre objeto. 
 1. We know very little about the woman (sabemos muy poco de la mujer)
2. He married her (Él se casó con ella)

We know very little about the woman who / that he married  (sabemos muy poco de la mujer con la que él se casó) 

We know very little about the woman that he married her 

martes, 27 de marzo de 2018

WISH AND IF ONLY FOR REGRETS


WISH AND IF ONLY FOR REGRETS

Resultado de imagen para wish and if only exercises

Use of I wish / if only:

There are three distinct types of  I wish / if only  sentences:
  1. Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past.
  2. Regret with the past perfect.
  3. Complaints with would + verb.
Imagen relacionada 

Expressing a wish:

Form:

If only / I wish + simple past
Example:
If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it)

Use:

  • To express a wish in the present or in the future.
  • The simple past here is an unreal past.
  • When you use the verb to be the form is “were”.
    Example:
    I wish I were a millionaire!

Expressing regret:

Form:

If only / I wish + past perfect
Example:
If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)

Use:

  • To express a regret.
  • The action is past.

Complaining:

Form:

I wish / if only + would + verb
Example:
I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time)

Use:

  • To complain about a behavior that you disapprove.
  • Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.
Resultado de imagen para wish and if only exercises 

Infinitive clauses with impersonal it

Infinitive clauses with impersonal it


Express opinion or advice

It (be) Adj + Infinitve Clause  vs. Gerund Clause (be) Adj

INFINITIVE CLAUSE
The expression "It is + adj/noun to" emphasizes information by bringing it to the front of the clause. The subject of an infinitive clause is optionally expressed as [for + noun] or the accusative pronoun [for + pronoun].  
MAIN CLAUSESUBORDCOMPLEMENT
"IT" IS + ADJ"FOR" PRNINFINITIVE CLS
It's difficult
for me
to guess what will happen.
It's hard

to know when a rat will get loose.
It's impossible
for us
to do  this project in 24 hours
It's important

to take a break twice a day.
It's possible
for you
to work on your own project.
It's exciting 
for us
to be  here.
It's likely
for it
to get cold in the laboratory.
"IT IS"  + NP"FOR" PRNINFINITIVE CLS
It's a good idea (noun)

to put on your lab coat.
It's a pleasure (noun)
for us
to have you here.
It's an honor (noun)
for us
to work in this lab.
Past tense "It was + adj…"
¹ The clause cannot be restated with a gerund clause when "it" refers to climate or weather.
Word Categories: N – Noun; V – Verb; Aux – Auxiliary; Adj – Adjective; Adv – Adverb; P –Preposition; Det –Determiner.
Phrasal Categories: NP – Noun Phrase; VP – Verb Phrase; AdjP – Adjective Phrase; AdvP – Adverb Phrase; PP – Prepositional Phrase; DP – Determinative Phrase.
Clausal CategoriesCls – clause; F – finite clause; NF – nonfinite clause (Ger – gerund; Inf – infinitive; PPart – past participle).
Word FunctionsSubj – subject; Pred – predicate/predicator; Comp – complement: elements required by an expression to complete its meaning (DO – direct object; IO – indirect object);  Adjunct – adjunct: elements not required by an expression to complete its meaning (Subord – subordinator; Coord – coordinator); Supl – supplement: a clause or phrase added onto a clause that is not closely related to the central thought or structure of the main clause.

It is [adjective] that… / for you to…

Restating a that-clauses as an infinitive clause



It is adjective that…  / It is adjective for you to…

IT (ADJ) THAT + SUBJUNCTIVE VERB CLAUSE
It's + adj can be followed by that + a clause with should or a subjunctive verb to express a wish, recommendation or suggestion. The subject is mentioned in the clause.               
IT (BE) ADJTHAT SUBJUNCTIVE CLS
It is important
that
you be careful at all times. 
It is a good idea (noun!)
that
Jack close all cages at night. 
It is essential
that
it go well. 
It's not necessary
that  
they work until 3 a.m.
It is rare
that  
we wear lab coats.
IT (ADJ) FOR + INFINITIVE CLAUSE
A similar meaning is expressed with It's + adj followed by an infinitive clause.  The subject (doer of the activity) in the infinitive clause can be included [for+ noun / pronoun].
IT (BE) ADJFOR PRNINFINITIVE CLS
It is important
for you
to be careful at all times.
It is a good idea
for Jack
to close all cages at night.
It is essential
for it
to go well.
It's not necessary
for them 
work until 3 a.m.
It is rare
for us
to wear lab coats.  

martes, 27 de febrero de 2018

VERB + GERUND/INFINITIVE

VERB + GERUND/INFINITIVE

Resultado de imagen para VERBO + GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO
Cuando un verbo va acompañado por otro, este segundo puede ir en:
  • Infinitivo
  • Infinitivo (sin "to")
  • Gerundio
Ejemplos:
  • Last summer we decided to go to the beach
  • We can speak English fluently
  • hate driving at night
Hay una serie de verbos que cuando van acompañados por otro este segundo va en gerundio:
Admit / Appreciate / Avoid / Consider / Delay / Deny / Detest / Excuse / Finish / Forgive / Imagine / Keep (=continue) / Miss / Postpone / Practise / Prevent / Propose(=suggest) / Regret / Resist / Risk / Stop / Suggest / Understand
Veamos algunos ejemplos:
  • When I lost my job I postponed buying a new house
  • After the heart attack my father stopped smoking
  • My boss told me that he is considering promoting me for the new post
  • If you drive when you are drunk you risk losing your driving licence
  • The detainee admitted doing business with the mafia
  • También suelen ir seguidos de gerundios los siguientes verbos:
  • Like / Dislike / Hate / Love / Enjoy / Mind
Ejemplos:
  • like travelling with my girlfriend
  • hate tidying my bedroom
  • enjoy dancing
  • I don´t mind going to English classes
Resultado de imagen para VERBO + GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO
El verbo "like" puede también ir seguido por un infinitivo pero el significado es diferente:
  • to like + gerundio: disfrutar
  • to like + infinitivo: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo
  • like playing tennis
  • like to do my homework on Saturday mornings
Algunos de los verbos anteriores si va precedido del auxiliar "would" pide entonces un infinitivo:
  • Would like to?
  • Would love to?
  • Would hate to?
  • Would prefer to?
  • would like to visit Paris
  • would love to go out for dinner tonight!
  • would hate to spend the summer in Seville
  • would prefer to go to the cinema than go to the gym
Los siguientes verbos, si van acompañados por otro, este segundo va eninfinitivo:
Agree / Appear / Arrange / Ask / Choose / Claim / Decide / Decline / Demand / Fail / Forget / Happen / Hesitate / Hope / Learn / Manage / Offer / Plan / Prepare / Pretend / Promise / Refuse / Remember / Seem / Swear / Threaten
Ejemplos:
  • He agreed to help me with my homework
  • She promised to phone her mother
  • My brother decided to sell his car
El verbo "try" puede ir seguido de infinitivo o gerundio pero con distinto significado:
+ infinitivo: hacer un esfuerzo
+ gerundio: probar algo en plan experimento
  • I will try to wash my car before lunch
  • tried calling my girlfriend with this mobile but it didn't work
La expression "I am afraid" puede ir seguida de:
Infinitivo: no quiero hacer algo porque creo que es peligroso
"of + gerundio": existe la posibilidad de que algo malo me ocurra
  • I am afraid to climb up the tree
  • When I drive through the centre of town I am afraid of having an accident
Resultado de imagen para VERBO + GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO

RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Resultado de imagen para relative clauses
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:
  • Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
  • Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
  • A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
  • I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
  • I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
  • Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.
Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:
Preceding nounRelative pronounExamples
a personwho(m)/that, whose- Do you know the girl who ..
- He was a man that ..
- An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thingwhich†/that, whose- Do you have a computer which ..
- The oak a tree that ..
- This is a book whose author ..
Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)
Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.
Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:
  • My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
  • The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
  • Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
  • The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
  • My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
  • In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.
Resultado de imagen para relative clauses
Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.
Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:
1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):
  • Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?
  • Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
  • I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
  • I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
  • Did you find the money (which) you lost?
Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?
2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:
  • Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?
  • The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
  • She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
  • Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
  • Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.
Resultado de imagen para relative clauses
EJERCICIOS

Complete the sentences using a relative clause.

  1. Catherine and Sue are two girls (like dancing) 
  2. My mobile phone is something (be very important to me) 
  3. Antony is a friend of mine (live in Boston) 
  4. West Side Story is a musical (be very famous) 
  5. An airport is a place (planes land) 

Combine the sentences using relative clauses without relative pronouns (contact clauses).

  1. We bought a car last week. The car is blue.
    The car 
  2. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party.
    The girl 
  3. The bananas are on the table. George bought them.
    The bananas 
  4. We watched a film last night. It was really scary.
    The film 
  5. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult.
    The new words 

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